Of note is the view that 20m would be a sufficient separation distance to prevent cross pollination with non-GM potatoes. This parameter would be of value in determining fault in a fault based compensation system. Ensuring or restoring a 20m separation would have a cost. At present, the UK authorities have the view that fault based compensation systems for harm done by GM crops are unlikely to meet the needs of public policy. Evidence from: Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment (ACRE) Minutes of a meeting dated 28th September 2006 “Field Trials of GM Potato.” Further detail: 6#7-8 22

This is a revised and updated version of the 2001 circular to Local Authority health and safety Inspectors and is due for further review in 2008. Inspectors will expect duty holders to interpret their statutory obligations to protect the health and safety of call centre (or similar) employees, in the manner described in this guidance. Issues such as acoustic shock, verbal abuse, voice strain and work pace monitoring are more specific to call centre work; the rest of the guidance reflects general guidance on office work. Rest breaks and consultation are strongly emphasised. Call centre work employs around 3% of the UK workforce. The true scale of risks to health and safety and the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed control measures remain highly uncertain. Evidence from: HSE LAC Number: 94/2 October 2006. “Advice regarding call centre working practices” Given that most of the risks are risks of perception rather than objective hazards and outcomes, cultural and comme

A relatively powerful study of the potential link between welding work and cause or aggravation of Parkinson’s Disease and diseases of a similar nature. It provides strong evidence that a history of welding work is not significantly associated with these outcomes. Evidence from: G Marsh et al. JOEM (2006) Vol.48#10 p 1031 – 1046 “Employment as a Welder and Parkinson’s Disease among Heavy Equipment Manufacturing Workers” Further detail: 6#7-8 20

The guidance identifies lifestyle choices, discrimination and bullying as significant causes of mental ill health in the working population. Methods for tackling these issues are described. The evidence base is probably a synthesis of individual study findings and expert opinion. The emphasis on these cited causes is quite different from the approach adopted in the Stress Management Standards. Evidence from: Department of Health. October 2006. “Action on Stigma: Promoting Mental Health, ending discrimination at work” The six principle of good management described in the Stress Management Standards [SMS] are not highlighted here [demands, control, role, relationships, support and change]. Instead, the new guidance focuses on a description of health promotion, anti discrimination, mutual respect and informed empathy but does not suggest objective or semi objective methods for demonstrating good practice. There is some overlap in that specific aspects of demands, relationships

The study shows that the concepts of burnout and depression are strongly correlated. This was the first attempt to measure this in a large cohort. The study lends weight to the idea that burnout precedes depression. If so, prevention of burnout would help prevent occupational depression. Job strain seems to be a strong predictor of burnout and of depressive symptoms but not of depressive disorder. The apparent contradiction could just be a measure of the low conversion rate from burnout to depression or, that job strain is not a predictor of depression. Previous history of mental disorder is a very strong predictor of burnout, depressive symptoms and current depression. Evidence from: K Ahola et al. JOEM (2006) Vol.48#10 p 1023 – 1030. “Contribution of Burnout to the Association between Job Strain and Depression: the Health 2000 Study” High job strain was predictive of burnout OR = 7.4 (95% CI = 5.6 to 9.6). High job strain was also predictive of depressive symptoms (OR of

Evidence from: HSE Research Report RR503. 2006 “An inventory of fibres to classify their potential hazard and risk” Details of factors which should affect potency. Further detail: 6#7-8 17

Evidence in support of a causal association between night shift work and stomach ulcers. In this study the association with night shift work was moderate to strong but there was no attempt to identify which aspect of night shift work, or associated lifestyle choices, could provide a mechanism. Night shift work is of increasing prevalence, H Pylori infection is very common. Evidence from: A Pietroisti et al. Occ Env Med (2006) Vol.63 p 773-775 “Shift work increases the frequency of duodenal ulcer in H pylori infected workers” The prevalence of duodenal ulcer was higher in night shift workers than in day time workers; 29% vs. 9%. Odds ratio = 3.9 (95% CI = 2.1 to 7.5). Further detail: 6#7-8 15

The government initiatives on nanotechnology have identified several difficulties with risk assessment and regulation of risk. Work is progressing towards developing a language and methodology for risk assessment, focussing mainly on potential human health effects. In our view, current regulations are not well adapted to the proactive risk assessment of these engineered nanoparticles and the prediction of liability risk exposure remains highly uncertain. Most of the relevant regulations have the capacity to support retrospective interventions e.g. restrictions on supply after a harmful event has occurred. Evidence from: Department of Trade and Industry. October 2006. URN 06/1992 ‘Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties’. Two-Year Review of Progress on Government Actions” Financial quantification of risk, the cost of control or mitigation, compensation and manifestation time-scales are not being tackled in a systematic way. Interest in economic and social

Evidence from: NJ Savill et al. Nature (2006) Vol.442 p 757 “Silent spread of H5N1 in vaccinated poultry” The first reports of the effectiveness of poultry vaccine indicated high levels of protection from disease and high levels of disease containment. Doubts remained about the widespread use of vaccination: o It would not be possible to distinguish vaccinated from diseased birds by blood test. o A diseased bird would present a risk of infection to others. o A vaccinated bird may still be vulnerable to disease. o Low levels of disease would be harder to detect. The present theoretical (computer modelling) research was designed to test whether vaccinated flocks could spread H5N1 disease. Findings: 90% of a flock would need to be vaccinated before the risk of disease propagation was reduced to 50%. Highly vaccinated flocks had a small probability (less than 10% chance) of transmitting disease to healthy but unvaccinated flock, the reason being that diseased birds in the vacci

This court decision provides a specific interpretation of environmental protection legislation in South Africa. It is unlikely to set a wider precedent but will be of interest to those with South African exposures. It finds that there is no liability to clean up contamination which was caused before the environmental protection legislation came into effect in 1999. Evidence from: T Field. Journal of Environmental Law. (2006) Vol.18#3 p 479 – 494 “Liability to Remedy Asbestos Pollution.” Only those who cause contamination after the date of effect of the National Environmental Management Act 107 (1998) would be expected to pay the costs of remediation. Further detail: 6#7-8 9

The great majority of human tuberculosis infection cases are contracted as a result close proximity to an infected person with overt illness. 10% of infected people will become ill with the disease, in most circumstances, carriers who are well will not act as a source of infection. In the UK most new cases are among those who contracted the disease while resident abroad. Evidence from: HPA Press Release 2nd November 2006 “Cases of Tuberculosis rise steeply during 2005” The cost of treating a drug-sensitive case of tuberculosis has been estimated to be £6,040, rising to £60,000 if the organism is multi-drug resistant. In 2004 7% of cases died, mostly among those aged over 65. In 2005 8.7% of TB cases were resistant to at least one first line drug. Drug resistance was highest in London and lowest in Northern Ireland but did not vary with country of origin. Further detail: 6#7-8 8

A very large number of traceable zoonotic events occur each year in the EU. Most result in mild illness but some are very serious/fatal. Tracing policy varies from one state to another but most events are caused by contaminated food or drink. People can carry disease while suffering no ill-effects and pass the disease on to others through food handling. Evidence from: The EFSA Journal (2006) 403, 1-62 “Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in the European Union in 2004” Bacteria were the cause of the majority of confirmed zoonotic infections in humans in the EU in 2004: Salmanellosis 192,703 cases (42 per 100,000)(principally from raw hen egg, [broiler] flesh and egg products, probably transmitted in animal feeds, between 2% and 18% of fresh poultry meat samples test positive, below 10% in pig meat, outbreaks have also been traced to foods washed with contaminated water, disease in humans is usually reversible, but was reported to have led to 12 deaths) Fur

Rates of TB infection in cattle are increasing rapidly. Tracing the origin of infections is becoming more facile. Risks to Professional Indemnity and product liability exposures should increase. Evidence from: PDO Davies. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. (2006) Vol.99 p 539 -540 “Tuberculosis in humans and animals: are we a threat to each other?” In the past 20 years the number of infected herds has increased from 88 to 5,539 per year. The main reason is probably increased rates of cattle to cattle transmission as animals are increasingly moved from farm to farm. There is a highly effective test of disease status; it should be possible to isolate infected cattle. Cause of loss could be traced to a duty-holder. Further detail: 6#7-8 6

This study of just one kind of medicine, used in a wide variety of settings, highlights the potential for accidental exposure to non-nursing staff, especially those with a low awareness of the potential for contamination of patient skin, clothing and bedding. Evidence from: T Meijster et al. Ann. Occ. Hyg. (2006) Vol.50 p 657 – 664 “Exposure to Antineoplastic Drugs outside the Hospital Environment” The degree of risk to home care and nursing home staff cannot be assessed from this study. However, it is clear that protocols are not providing as much protection as would be expected in a hospital setting. It should be expected that employees will come into contact with drugs which are not fully metabolised and metabolic by products, especially where these are present on the skin of the patient. Further detail: 6#7-8 5

This research confirmed in that use of wastes for the purposes of soil improvement provides a mechanism for contamination of food with live microbiological pathogens. Guidance on the management of wastes for application to farm land is expected soon. Evidence from: FSA News October 2006 “Transmission of Pathogens from Farm and Abattoir Waste to the Food Supply Chain and its Impact on the Microbiological Safety of Food” Recycling of animal wastes is becoming more sophisticated but as yet there is no definitive guidance of risk management. Some viruses are very much more persistent in wastes than are E coli. E coli is the usual reference species for risk assessment. Further detail: 6#7-8 4

Following the introduction of the workplace exposure limits (WEL) scheme and corresponding reliance on good practice, HSE have produced this extensive, detailed guidance on hazard control and health surveillance measures for work with respirable crystalline silica. Although very detailed, there remains uncertainty over the value of compliance when defending a civil or H&S enforcement action. Good practice, as defined in this guidance, includes compliance with permitted exposure levels; suggesting that exposure levels are the ultimate test of compliance, a situation which HSE have been trying to steer away from. Evidence from: HSE Series of publications on Silica The guidance covers: Brick and tile making, construction, ceramics, foundry work, silica manufacture, quarry work and slate work. The detail provides evidence of first hand insight into good practice. Further detail: 6#7-8 2

Evidence from: SC Larsson et al. Int. J. Cancer (2006) Vol.119 p 2186 – 2189 “Coffee consumption and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women” S Coon et al. Env Health Persp (2006) Vol.114 p 1872 – 1876 “Whole-Body Lifetime Occupational Lead Exposure and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease” E Carragee et al. Spine (2006) Vol.31#25 p 2942 – 2949 “Does Minor Trauma Cause Serious Low Back Illness?” Evidence for compensation-related deterioration. MA Nunno et al. Child Abuse & Neglect (2006) Vol. 30 p 1333–1342 “Learning from tragedy: A survey of child and adolescent restraint fatalities” Further detail: 6#9-10 30 BB

Evidence from: S Rohrmann et al. Am J Epidemiol. (2006) Vol.164 p 1103–1114 “Ethanol Intake and Risk of Lung Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)” A Smith et al. International Journal of Epidemiology (2006) Vol.35 p 1504–1513 “Childhood leukaemia and socioeconomic status: fact or artefact? A report from the United Kingdom childhood cancer study (UKCCS)” W Anees et al. Thorax (2006) Vol.61 p 751 – 755 “FEV1 decline in occupational asthma” CM Villaneuva et al. Am J Epidemiol (2007) Vol.165 p148–156 “Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools” PR Salameh et al. European Journal of Epidemiology (2006) Vol.21 p 681–688 “Chronic bronchitis and pesticide exposure: a case–control study in Lebanon” Further detail: 6#9-10 29 BB

Evidence from: EC C(2006) 6839 “FP7 theme 4 Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New Production Technologies -Nmp” 14th November 2006 DEFRA news release “Atypical scrapie found in sheep flock considered to be TSE-free” DoH news release 15th Jan 2007. “Advice to pregnant women during lambing season” JS Felton et al. Carcinogenesis (2006) vol.27#12 p.2367–2370 “REVIEW: A meat and potato war: implications for cancer etiology” M Fischer et al. Accident Analysis and Prevention (2007) Vol.39 p94–105 “Hyperactive children as young adults: Driving abilities, safe driving behavior, and adverse driving outcomes” Further detail: 6#9-10 28 BB

Evidence from: BFR Health Assessment No. 012/2006. “BfR recommends provisional daily upper intake level and a guidance value for morphine in poppy seeds” Committee on Toxicity Statement 2006/10 “The Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)” Committee on Toxicity Statement 2006/09 “The Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)” University of Teesside Project Code: N05070 “A systematic review of the effect of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education and performance of children of relevance to UK schools” Further detail: 6#9-10 25 BB

Evidence from: Food Standards Agency. October 2006. “Food served to older people in residential care” HSE 23rd October 2006 “Revised asbestos regulations to come in to force on 13 November 2006” Environment Agency RIFE-11 “Radioactivity in Food and the Environment, 2005” “UK Government Response to the European Commission’s Discussion Paper on the Setting of Maximum and Minimum Amounts for Vitamins and Minerals in Foodstuffs.” Further detail: 6#7-8 34 BB

Evidence from: JD Holder et al. JOEM. (2006) Vol.48#10 p 1047 – 1053 “Fire-fighter Heart Presumption Retirements in Massachusetts 1997–2004” K Kreiss et al. JOEM (2006) Vol.48#10 p 1062-1069 “Risk Factors for Asthma among Cosmetology Professionals in Colorado” MMWR weekly (2006) Vol.55(28) p 1040-1042 “Chikungunya Fever Diagnosed Among International Travelers — United States, 2005—2006” NIOSH RI 9668 “Effectiveness of Selected Diesel Particulate Matter Control Technologies for Underground Mining Applications: Isolated Zone Study, 2004” DWP Press Release 18th Oct 2006 “Labour market figures – employment above 29 million for first time” EEA Report No9/2006 ISSN 1725-9177 “Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2006” Further detail: 6#7-8 32 BB

Evidence from: L Burstrom et al. Scand. J. Work Environ and Health (2006 ) Vol. 32#3 p 198 – 203 “Relationship between hand-arm vibration exposure and onset time for symptoms in a heavy engineering production workshop” The researchers combined self reported exposures and objective exposures to obtain an overall exposure estimate. Workers were asked to state how long after beginning work they first noticed characteristic symptoms of vibration white finger. After 30 years work 60% of workers reported symptoms even though exposures were estimated to have been below 2.5 ms-2. The authors assert that this is evidence that the standards set in the physical agents directive provide inadequate protection.

Evidence from: Food Standards Agency 6th July 2006. Cow from same herd as BSE infected animal has entered food chain Food Standards Agency 6th July 2006. VPC report on growth hormones in meat R Boylstein et al. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (2006) Vol.3 p 530 – 535 Diacetyl Emissions and Airborne Dust from Butter Flavorings Used in Microwave Popcorn Production ME Flanagan et al. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (2006) Vol.3 p 144 – 152 Silica Exposure on Construction Sites: Results of an Exposure Monitoring Data Compilation Project Further detail: 6#5-6 58 BB